I have a theory: that stripey image is characteristic of an image extracted from a canvas when a user has privacy.resistFingerprinting enabled. Do you use that hidden feature?

To allow a site to extract proper (non-randomized) images from a canvas, look for an extra button next to the lock icon in the address bar that looks like a picture. You can click that and create an exception for the site.

That seemed to do it. A little creepy that a small feature like that can trigger fingerprinting.

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